1. What Is SS-31?

SS-31, also known as elamipretide and MTP-131, is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide investigated in laboratory research involving mitochondrial structure, oxidative stress, cellular energy metabolism, and membrane biology. Its distinctive molecular design allows researchers to examine mitochondrial processes with a greater degree of localization than many conventional antioxidant compounds.

SS-31 is particularly studied for its interaction with cardiolipin, a specialized phospholipid found predominantly within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin contributes to the organization and function of mitochondrial respiratory-chain complexes and plays an important role in maintaining membrane architecture. Changes in cardiolipin composition or organization have therefore become an important subject of research into mitochondrial dysfunction.

Unlike nonspecific antioxidant compounds that may distribute throughout different cellular compartments, SS-31 has been investigated for its preferential association with mitochondrial membranes. This characteristic makes it a useful experimental compound for researchers studying how mitochondrial membrane integrity, oxidative processes, electron transport, and ATP production are interconnected.

Preclinical research has examined SS-31 in a variety of experimental systems, including cellular models, isolated mitochondria, and animal models. These investigations have explored mitochondrial respiration, reactive oxygen species, membrane stability, cellular stress responses, and tissue-level consequences associated with impaired mitochondrial function.

2. SS-31 Structure

SS-31 is a rationally designed tetrapeptide with a compact molecular structure consisting of both charged and aromatic amino-acid residues.

• Peptide Sequence: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂

• Common Names: SS-31, Elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia

• Chemical Class: Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide

• Molecular Formula: C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅

• Molecular Weight: Approximately 640 g/mol

• CAS Number: 736992-21-5

The peptide incorporates D-arginine, 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine (Dmt), lysine, and phenylalanine amide. The combination of positively charged and aromatic residues contributes to the physicochemical characteristics that distinguish SS-31 from conventional peptide antioxidants.

The positively charged residues support interaction with negatively charged membrane components, while the aromatic residues contribute to membrane association. Of particular research interest is the peptide's interaction with cardiolipin within the mitochondrial inner membrane.

This structural arrangement provides a useful experimental platform for investigating the relationship between cardiolipin organization and mitochondrial respiratory activity.

3. SS-31 Research Applications

3.1 Mitochondrial Biology

Mitochondria are responsible for a substantial portion of cellular ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. Because mitochondrial performance depends on the coordinated activity of respiratory-chain complexes, membrane organization, and redox balance, disruption of any of these processes can influence cellular energy metabolism.

SS-31 has been investigated as a tool for studying these interconnected pathways. Preclinical studies have examined whether interaction with cardiolipin can influence mitochondrial membrane organization and respiratory function under experimental stress conditions.

Research using isolated mitochondria and cellular systems has examined parameters including oxygen consumption, electron transport, ATP generation, membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species production. These experiments provide researchers with a framework for investigating how mitochondrial membrane composition affects bioenergetic performance.

SS-31 has also been studied in experimental models involving aging and metabolic stress. Such research has explored changes in mitochondrial respiration and redox homeostasis, helping investigators examine whether mitochondrial dysfunction can be modified through targeted interactions with mitochondrial membrane components.

3.2 Cardiolipin and Membrane Function

Cardiolipin is an unusual phospholipid concentrated within the inner mitochondrial membrane. It contributes to the organization of respiratory-chain complexes, membrane curvature, and mitochondrial structural integrity.

Because cardiolipin is susceptible to oxidative modification, it has become an important focus of mitochondrial research. Oxidized or structurally altered cardiolipin can influence interactions between respiratory proteins and other mitochondrial components.

SS-31 is extensively investigated in this context because of its ability to associate with cardiolipin. Laboratory studies have examined whether this interaction can influence cardiolipin organization and reduce conditions associated with excessive oxidative modification.

This makes SS-31 particularly relevant to experiments investigating the connection between membrane lipid biology, oxidative stress, electron transport, and mitochondrial bioenergetics.

3.3 Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive oxygen species are generated naturally during mitochondrial respiration, although excessive production can contribute to oxidative modification of proteins, lipids, and other cellular structures.

SS-31 has been investigated in experimental systems where mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production is elevated. Research has examined its effects on oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial redox balance in different cellular and tissue models.

The dimethyltyrosine component of SS-31 is of particular scientific interest because aromatic residues can participate in reactions involving reactive oxygen species. Researchers have therefore investigated whether SS-31 can influence oxidative processes directly within the mitochondrial environment.

Studies have also explored relationships between mitochondrial oxidative stress and downstream cellular signaling. These experiments provide insight into how changes in mitochondrial redox status may affect broader cellular responses.

3.4 Cellular Energy and ATP Production

ATP generation through oxidative phosphorylation is closely associated with mitochondrial membrane integrity and respiratory-chain activity. Experimental disruption of mitochondrial function can result in reduced oxygen consumption and impaired ATP production.

SS-31 has been examined in laboratory models of mitochondrial stress to investigate changes in respiratory efficiency and energy production. Research has reported changes in mitochondrial oxygen utilization and ATP-related measurements under selected experimental conditions.

Studies involving ischemia-reperfusion models have also examined mitochondrial recovery following periods of reduced oxygen availability. In these models, researchers have investigated mitochondrial structural changes, ATP restoration, oxidative stress, and cellular recovery.

These findings have made SS-31 a useful experimental compound for investigating the relationship between mitochondrial membrane organization and cellular energy metabolism.

3.5 Inflammation and Cellular Stress Signaling

Mitochondrial dysfunction can interact with inflammatory signaling and other cellular stress pathways. Increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, altered membrane integrity, and changes in mitochondrial signaling can influence downstream pathways involved in cellular responses to stress.

Preclinical research involving SS-31 has investigated changes in inflammatory and oxidative-stress-associated markers across different experimental models. These studies have included measurements involving pathways such as NF-κB, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis-associated proteins, and mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms.

Research in experimental neurological and cardiovascular models has additionally examined whether changes in mitochondrial function are associated with alterations in inflammatory signaling and tissue responses.

These studies are primarily useful for understanding the mechanistic relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cellular signaling rather than establishing clinical applications.

4. SS-31 in Experimental Research

SS-31 has been evaluated across several preclinical research areas because mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in numerous biological processes. Experimental investigations have included:

• Mitochondrial membrane biology

• Cardiolipin organization

• Oxidative phosphorylation

• Cellular ATP metabolism

• Reactive oxygen species

• Oxidative stress

• Mitochondrial respiration

• Ischemia-reperfusion research

• Cardiovascular research models

• Neurological research models

• Metabolic research

• Aging-related mitochondrial biology

• Cellular stress signaling

The breadth of these applications reflects the central role of mitochondria in cellular metabolism. SS-31 provides researchers with a targeted experimental approach for examining mitochondrial membrane-associated mechanisms in controlled laboratory environments.

5. SS-31 Summary

SS-31 is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide investigated primarily for its interaction with cardiolipin and mitochondrial membrane structures. Its distinctive combination of charged and aromatic residues supports research into mitochondrial localization, membrane organization, oxidative stress, and cellular bioenergetics.

Laboratory and preclinical investigations have examined SS-31 in relation to mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, reactive oxygen species, cardiolipin stability, oxidative damage, and cellular stress signaling. These studies have provided researchers with a framework for investigating how mitochondrial membrane processes influence broader cellular function.

As a research compound, SS-31 is particularly relevant to experimental studies focused on mitochondrial biology, membrane lipid interactions, oxidative metabolism, and cellular energy regulation. Research findings remain primarily preclinical, and experimental observations should not be interpreted as evidence of established human therapeutic efficacy or safety.

FEATURE BULLETS

• Research-Grade SS-31 Tetrapeptide – Synthetic tetrapeptide designed for controlled laboratory investigation of mitochondrial and cellular processes.

• Mitochondrial-Targeted Research Compound – Investigated for its preferential association with mitochondrial membrane environments.

• Cardiolipin Interaction – Studied for its interaction with cardiolipin, an important phospholipid within the mitochondrial inner membrane.

• Mitochondrial Respiration Research – Used in experimental studies examining oxygen consumption, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial bioenergetics.

• Oxidative Stress Investigation – Relevant to laboratory research involving mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and redox balance.

• ATP and Energy Metabolism Research – Investigated in experimental models examining mitochondrial energy production and cellular bioenergetics.

• Lyophilized Research Format – Supplied as a laboratory research material suitable for controlled experimental handling according to applicable laboratory procedures.

• Broad Preclinical Research Interest – Studied across mitochondrial, cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, aging, and cellular-stress research models.

• For Laboratory Research Only – Intended exclusively for qualified research professionals and laboratory experimentation; not intended for human or veterinary use.

SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide, MTP-131, and Bendavia) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that has become one of the most widely investigated compounds in mitochondrial biology, cellular energy metabolism, oxidative stress research, and membrane lipid science. Researchers study SS-31 because of its unique ability to associate with mitochondrial membranes and interact with cardiolipin, a phospholipid essential for mitochondrial function.

As interest in mitochondria-focused research continues to expand, researchers frequently compare SS-31 suppliers based on purity, analytical testing, manufacturing standards, pricing, and supplier transparency.

This SS-31 Vendor Price Comparison Guide helps researchers evaluate suppliers using objective criteria including:

• Product Pricing

• Cost Per Milligram

• Product Purity

• Third-Party Testing

• Certificate of Analysis (COA)

• Vendor Reputation

• Customer Reviews

• Shipping Performance

• Product Availability

• Overall Value

Whether you're searching for the lowest-priced SS-31 supplier, vendors with extensive laboratory verification, or the highest-purity research product, this guide provides a framework for comparing peptide suppliers.

Explore SS-31 Vendors by Criteria

Most Popular SS-31 Vendors

Compare suppliers frequently selected by mitochondrial and cellular-energy researchers.

Highest Reviewed SS-31 Vendors

Discover peptide suppliers with strong customer satisfaction and positive marketplace reputations.

Lowest Price SS-31 Vendors

Identify suppliers offering competitive pricing and favorable cost-per-milligram value.

Highest Purity SS-31 Vendors

Review suppliers providing transparent purity verification and analytical testing.

Best Value SS-31 Vendors

Compare product quality, testing standards, customer support, and pricing.

Fastest Shipping SS-31 Vendors

Evaluate shipping reliability, packaging quality, and fulfillment performance.

Newly Listed SS-31 Vendors

Explore recently launched suppliers offering SS-31 research peptides.

What Is SS-31?

Overview

SS-31 is a synthetic tetrapeptide specifically designed for mitochondrial research.

Researchers investigate SS-31 because of its relationship with:

• Mitochondrial function

• Cardiolipin biology

• Cellular energy metabolism

• ATP production

• Oxidative stress

• Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

• Cellular resilience

• Mitochondrial membrane organization

Unlike many conventional antioxidant compounds, SS-31 has been studied for its preferential localization to mitochondrial membranes.

Molecular Characteristics

Peptide Information

Researchers evaluating SS-31 products should carefully review analytical documentation and molecular specifications.

Peptide Name

SS-31

Alternative Names

• Elamipretide

• MTP-131

• Bendavia

Amino Acid Sequence

D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂

Molecular Formula

C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅

Molecular Weight

Approximately 640 g/mol

CAS Number

736992-21-5

Classification

Mitochondria-Targeted Tetrapeptide

Research Category

Mitochondrial & Cellular Energy Research

Why Researchers Compare SS-31 Vendors

Research reproducibility depends heavily on peptide quality and manufacturing consistency.

Differences among suppliers may include:

• Product purity

• Batch consistency

• Stability testing

• Manufacturing standards

• Product documentation

• Storage conditions

• Shipping procedures

• Quality-control systems

Careful supplier selection helps improve research reliability and consistency.

How We Compare SS-31 Vendors

Third-Party Laboratory Testing

Independent testing remains one of the strongest indicators of peptide quality.

Researchers should prioritize suppliers offering:

• Third-party laboratory testing

• Identity verification

• Purity analysis

• Batch-specific reports

Certificate of Analysis (COA)

A quality COA should contain:

• Batch number

• Testing date

• Purity percentage

• Identity confirmation

• Analytical methodology

Product Purity

Purity remains one of the most important considerations when evaluating research peptides.

Higher-purity products can contribute to better reproducibility and experimental consistency.

Cost Per Milligram

Comparing vial prices alone may be misleading.

Cost Per Milligram Formula

Product Price ÷ Total Milligrams = Cost Per Milligram

This provides a more meaningful comparison across vendors.

Customer Reviews

Customer feedback often provides insight regarding:

• Product consistency

• Packaging quality

• Shipping reliability

• Customer support

• Overall purchasing experience

Vendor Reputation

Established peptide suppliers often demonstrate:

• Transparent testing standards

• Reliable quality-control procedures

• Consistent inventory availability

• Positive customer satisfaction

Current Research & Evidence

Mitochondrial Biology Research

The primary focus of SS-31 research involves mitochondrial function.

Researchers continue studying pathways involving:

• Mitochondrial respiration

• Electron transport

• Energy production

• Membrane organization

• Cellular metabolism

This remains the central area of SS-31 investigation.

Cardiolipin Research

One of the defining characteristics of SS-31 research is its relationship with cardiolipin.

Researchers investigate pathways involving:

• Cardiolipin organization

• Membrane integrity

• Respiratory-complex stability

• Mitochondrial architecture

Cardiolipin remains one of the most important targets in modern mitochondrial biology.

Key Findings on SS-31 Research

Oxidative Stress Research

Researchers continue examining SS-31 in studies involving:

• Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

• Redox balance

• Oxidative damage

• Cellular stress pathways

This remains one of the most active areas of investigation.

Mitochondrial Respiration Research

Experimental studies have explored relationships involving:

• Oxygen consumption

• Electron transport chain function

• Respiratory efficiency

• Bioenergetic performance

Researchers continue studying how mitochondrial membranes influence respiration.

ATP Production Research

Scientists frequently investigate SS-31 because of its relationship with:

• Cellular ATP production

• Energy metabolism

• Mitochondrial efficiency

• Bioenergetic signaling

Additional research remains ongoing.

Membrane Biology Research

Research continues examining pathways involving:

• Membrane lipid interactions

• Mitochondrial structure

• Cardiolipin stabilization

• Cellular membrane dynamics

This remains a major focus of SS-31 science.

Cellular Stress Research

Researchers continue studying pathways associated with:

• Cell-stress responses

• Mitochondrial signaling

• Cellular adaptation

• Homeostatic regulation

These interactions contribute to a broader understanding of mitochondrial biology.

Ischemia-Reperfusion Research

Experimental investigations have examined:

• Oxygen-deprivation models

• Mitochondrial recovery

• ATP restoration

• Cellular stress responses

Researchers continue using SS-31 within these controlled laboratory models.

Inflammation Research

Mitochondrial dysfunction can influence inflammatory pathways.

Researchers investigate relationships involving:

• NF-κB signaling

• Oxidative stress markers

• Cellular communication

• Stress-associated molecular responses

Further research remains ongoing.

Areas of Ongoing SS-31 Research

SS-31 continues to be studied in several important research fields:

Mitochondrial Research

• Mitochondrial membrane biology

• Cardiolipin function

• Mitochondrial respiration

• ATP generation

Cardiovascular Research

• Cardiac-cell energetics

• Ischemia-reperfusion models

• Mitochondrial stress pathways

Neurological Research

• Neuronal energy metabolism

• Oxidative stress responses

• Neurodegenerative disease models

Metabolic Research

• Energy utilization

• Cellular metabolism

• Mitochondrial performance

Aging Research

• Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction

• Oxidative processes

• Cellular resilience

These areas continue to drive scientific interest in SS-31.

Why Researchers Study SS-31

SS-31 remains unique because it provides a targeted approach to studying mitochondrial biology.

Researchers investigate SS-31 because it offers opportunities to explore:

• Membrane lipid function

• Cardiolipin interactions

• Cellular bioenergetics

• Oxidative stress pathways

• ATP production

• Mitochondrial signaling

• Cellular adaptation

• Aging-related mitochondrial changes

Few research peptides possess such a specialized mitochondrial focus.

Research Limitations

Most findings involving SS-31 originate from:

• Cell-culture studies

• Isolated mitochondria experiments

• Animal models

• Preclinical laboratory investigations

Additional research remains necessary to fully characterize biological mechanisms and long-term effects.

Research findings should not be interpreted as evidence of approved therapeutic, medical, nutritional, or cosmetic applications.

Product Quality & Analytical Testing

Why Testing Matters

Research-grade SS-31 products should undergo testing to verify:

• Identity

• Purity

• Stability

• Potency

• Batch consistency

Common Testing Methods

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Used to assess purity and identify impurities.

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

Used to verify molecular identity and composition.

Identity Verification Testing

Confirms peptide authenticity.

Stability Testing

Evaluates integrity during storage.

Batch Consistency Testing

Measures reproducibility across manufacturing lots.

Understanding SS-31 Pricing

Several factors influence pricing among suppliers.

Product Purity

Higher-purity products often command premium pricing.

Specialized Synthesis

SS-31's specialized design and mitochondrial-targeting properties may increase production complexity.

Analytical Verification

Comprehensive testing programs improve transparency while increasing manufacturing costs.

Research Demand

Growing interest in mitochondrial medicine and bioenergetics research continues to drive demand.

Vendor Reputation

Trusted suppliers often charge more due to established quality-assurance programs.

SS-31 Vendor Evaluation Checklist

Quality Verification

✅ Third-party testing available

✅ Certificate of Analysis provided

✅ Identity verification documented

✅ Purity information disclosed

✅ Batch-specific testing available

Vendor Reliability

✅ Positive customer reviews

✅ Transparent company information

✅ Responsive customer support

✅ Reliable inventory availability

Purchasing Experience

✅ Secure checkout process

✅ Shipment tracking available

✅ Clear refund policies

✅ Reliable order fulfillment

Red Flags When Comparing Vendors

Testing Concerns

❌ No third-party testing

❌ Missing COAs

❌ Unverified purity claims

❌ Outdated laboratory reports

Transparency Issues

❌ Hidden product specifications

❌ Missing batch information

❌ Limited testing documentation

❌ No company contact information

Service Problems

❌ Frequent inventory shortages

❌ Poor communication

❌ Negative customer reviews

❌ Unclear shipping policies

Frequently Asked Questions

What is SS-31?

SS-31 (Elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide studied primarily for its interaction with cardiolipin and mitochondrial membrane-associated processes.

What is SS-31 used for in research?

Researchers investigate SS-31 in studies involving mitochondrial respiration, ATP production, cardiolipin biology, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, cellular energy metabolism, and mitochondrial membrane function.

Why compare SS-31 vendors?

Purity, analytical testing, pricing, documentation quality, and supplier reliability can vary substantially among vendors.

What should researchers review before purchasing?

Researchers should evaluate:

• Certificate of Analysis (COA)

• Third-party testing

• Purity verification

• Identity confirmation

• Vendor reputation

• Customer reviews

Why is third-party testing important?

Independent laboratory testing helps verify peptide identity, purity, and batch consistency while improving transparency.

Is the cheapest supplier always the best option?

No. Product quality, purity verification, analytical documentation, and supplier reliability are often more important than price alone.

How often should vendor comparisons be updated?

Pricing, inventory availability, testing reports, and supplier policies can change frequently and should be reviewed regularly.

Final Thoughts

SS-31 remains one of the most extensively studied mitochondria-targeted peptides because of its unique relationship with cardiolipin, mitochondrial membrane biology, oxidative stress, cellular bioenergetics, ATP production, and mitochondrial respiration. Ongoing investigations continue exploring how mitochondrial membrane processes influence cellular function, energy metabolism, stress responses, and aging-related changes.

When comparing SS-31 vendors, researchers should prioritize purity verification, third-party laboratory testing, Certificate of Analysis availability, supplier reputation, and overall value rather than focusing solely on price. A structured vendor-comparison approach can help identify suppliers capable of meeting rigorous research-quality standards.